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Alan of Galloway (before 1199 – 1234), also known as Alan fitz Roland, was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate. As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland, he was one of the most influential men in the Kingdom of Scotland and Irish Sea zone. Alan first appears in courtly circles in about 1200, about the time he inherited his father's possessions and offices. After he secured his mother's inheritance almost two decades later, Alan became one of the most powerful magnates in the Scottish realm. Alan also held lands in the Kingdom of England, and was one of King John's advisors concerning ''Magna Carta''. Alan later played a considerable part in Alexander II of Scotland's northern English ambitions during the violent aftermath of John's repudiation of ''Magna Carta''. Alan participated in the English colonisation of Ulster, receiving a massive grant in the region from the English king, and simultaneously aided the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the western and northern peripheries of the Scottish realm. Alan entered into a vicious inter-dynastic struggle for control of the Kingdom of the Isles, supporting one of his kinsman against another. Alan's involvement in the Isles, a region under nominal Norwegian authority, provoked a massive military response by Haakon IV of Norway, causing a severe crisis for the Scottish crown. As ruler of the semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway, Alan was courted by the Scottish and English kings for his remarkable military might, and was noted in Norse saga-accounts as one of the greatest warriors of his time. Like other members of his family, he was a generous religious patron. Alan died in February 1234. Although under the traditional Celtic custom of Galloway, Alan's illegitimate son could have succeeded to the Lordship of Galloway, under the feudal custom of the Scottish realm, Alan's nearest heirs were his surviving daughters. Using Alan's death as an opportunity to further integrate Galloway within his realm, Alexander forced the partition of the lordship amongst Alan's daughters. Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway, descending from the native dynasty of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. ==Background== Alan was born sometime before 1199. He was the eldest son of Roland, Lord of Galloway (died 1200), and his wife, Helen de Morville (died 1217).〔Oram (2004a); Oram (2004d); Oram (1988) p. 124.〕 His parents were likely married before 1185,〔Oram (2004d).〕 possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to Henry II of England in 1186.〔Oram (1988) p. 121.〕 Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters.〔 The name of one of Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young.〔Oram (1988) p. 124.〕 The other, Thomas (died 1231), became Earl of Atholl by right of his wife.〔 One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne.〔Oram (2004a); Oram (1988) p. 124.〕 The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel (died 1233).〔Oram (2004a); Stringer, KJ (2004) p. 225 n. 111.〕 Alan's mother was the sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland (died 1196).〔Oram (2004a).〕 Alan's father was the eldest son of Uhtred, Lord of Galloway (died 1174),〔 son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway (died 1161). The familial origins of Fergus are unknown, and he first appears on record in 1136. The mother of at least two of his children, Uhtred and Affraic, was an unknown daughter of Henry I of England.〔Oram (2004b).〕 It was probably not long after Fergus' emergence into recorded history that he gave away Affraic in marriage to Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of the Isles.〔Oram (1988) p. 79.〕 One after-effect of these early twelfth-century marital alliances was that Alan—Fergus' great-grandson—was a blood relative of the early thirteenth-century kings of England and the kings of the Isles—men who proved to be important players throughout Alan's career.〔McDonald (2007) p. 154; Edwards (2001) p. 229; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 94.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alan of Galloway」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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